Engraving depicting a campbellstokes recorder, a kind of sunshine recorder, invented by john francis campbell and later modified by sir george gabriel stokes. Stokes s refinement was to make the housing out of metal and to have a card. There are 47 suppliers who sells sunshine recorder on, mainly located in asia. Maintenancefree, the sunshine recorder reliably measures year round sunshine hours. The original design by campbell consisted of a glass sphere set into a wooden bowl with the sun burning a trace on the bowl.
The paper is based on heliographic data and cloudiness observations for 20072012. Place the template over the recording card using the. Pdf the purpose of this paper is to compare daily sunshine duration data measured using a campbellstokes sunshine recorder cs and a csd3 sunshine. This type of recorder has been in use since about 1880.
In the upper part of the video you can see the tonatiuh simulation of the functioning of the campbell. The instrument was described by campbell in a paper entitled on a new selfregistering sun dial, published in the report of the council of the british meteorological society campbell, 1857. A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location or region at any time. Giles harrison department of meteorology, university of reading, reading, rg6 6bb, uk abstract daily sunshine duration is commonly reported at weather stations. Campbellstokes sunshine recorder cards sunshine cards are used with a campbellstokes type sunshine recorder. The campbell stokes recorder utilises heat from the suns rays, focused by a solid glass sphere to an intense spot, to char a trace on a sunshine card. Chapter 7 measurement of sunshine duration and solar radiation.
No manual inputs required, little maintenance required after installation. Til sunshine is measured using a campbellstokes sunshine. Working the hours of bright sunshine are recorded by the rays of the sun passing through the sphere, which undergo focus and burn a hole through the card placed behind it. The campbell stokes sunshine recorder she looks good in. New insights into the history of the campbellstokes sunshine.
Many authors have used sd to obtain information about cloudiness and solar radiation by using angstromprescott type formulas, but the burn width has. Antique nauticals india provide excellent price to performance ratio. A comparison of the campbellstokes and kipp and zonen sensor was. Studies comparing the effect of the sunshine duration recorders campbell stokes henceforth cs and kipp and zonen henceforth kz used for the calibration of the ap model are limited. Routinely mounted on a plinth, the campbell stokes records the duration of bright sunshine in either hourly or daily totals. Adjustment of the angstromprescott equation from campbell. Improved design of campbell recorder by sir george stokes stokess refinement was to make the housing out of metal and to have a card holder set behind the sphere. With the increase in the automatic measurements of sunshine duration that have become available in the last few decades e. Campbellstokes recorder definition of campbellstokes. The campbell stokes sunshine recorder is a selfrecording instrument for the continuance of sunshine. Since 1924 various forms of the angstrom equation have been used to estimate mean daily global radiation from the me. Campbell stokes sunshine recorder temperate fairmount.
The campbell stokes sunshine recorder is the cover photo for the book the weather observers handbook burt, stephen cambridge university press as received the latitude adjustment was set for 28. To measure the sunny hours, a glass sphere is used surrounded by a metallic semiring. Campbellstokes sunshine recorder with the actual direct solar irradiance. The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice. Nautical campbell stokes sunshine recorder scientific. The duration of sunlight recorder, also known as the campbell stokes recorder, the stokes sphere, or simply referred to as a sunshine recorder is used to concentrate sunlight into a beam hot enough to burn paper. Using digital image processing to characterize the campbell. The duration of sunlight recorder, also known as the campbellstokes recorder, the stokes sphere, or simply referred to as a sunshine recorder is used to concentrate sunlight into a. Sunshine recorders an overview measuring the weather.
Decreasing trends in sunshine duration over china for 1954. Empirical relationship of cloud shade to point cloudiness. Makes your ears smile campbell stokes sunshine recorder artist format. The campbellstokes recorder sometimes called a stokes sphere is a kind of sunshine recorder. The unit is designed to record the hours of bright sunshine which will burn a hole through the card. A wide variety of sunshine recorder options are available to you, such as outdoor. Pdf using digital image processing to characterize the.
Product can be used for educational or scientific purposes, as applicable. Cs and us instruments were exposed together and compared at blue hill observatory. This article is published with open access at abstract the purpose of this paper is to compare daily sunshine duration data measured using a campbell stokes. The campbell stokes sunshine recorder is manufactured by fairmount weather systems to the specifications of the british meteorological office and is used extensively by government meteorological services world wide. In this device a glass sphere concentrates sunlight onto a card and the amount of scorching on the card records the amount of sunlight that had fallen on it. Campbellstokes pattern sunshine recorder the campbellstokes sunshine recorder is used to measure the duration of bright sunshine. Begin date of missing daily sunshine data gap duration months fraction of full record %. Due to the large number of long records that exist worldwide, valuable climatic information can be extracted from them. This article is published with open access at abstract the purpose of this paper is to compare daily sunshine duration data measured using a campbellstokes. Sunshine duration is recorded in most countries by the campbellstokes burning glass cs but in the united states by a thermometric type us. Campbell stokes sunshine recorder october 2000 user instructions side 5 campbell stokes sunshine recorder user instructions side 6 holes will be found at one end of the bowl and a tapered pin attached to a chain to fit them. Campbellstokes sunshine recorder a device in which a glass sphere concentrates the suns rays on to a calibrated paper, where the resulting burns register the time and duration of sunshine. Campbell designed his first sunshine recorder, he could hardly have thought that 160 years later the instrument would.
Comparison of sunshine duration measurements from campbell. The campbell stokes sunshine recorder she looks good in the sun 2009. Comparison of manual and automatic daily sunshine duration. Sunshine duration is registered in many climatological stations, and it is highly correlated with solar radiation. The campbellstokes sunshine recorder at blue hill observatory, in milton, massachusetts. The campbell stokes recorder sometimes called a stokes sphere is a type of sunshine recorder.
The first sunshine recorders were designed in 1838 by jordan, and in 1853 by campbell improvements were subsequently made by stokes in 1880 27, 28, 29. Nov 26, 2009 simulation of the campbell stokes sunshine recorder. Pdf a comparison of sunshine duration records from the. Price new from used from audio cd, march 17, 2009 please retry. Sunshine is recorded with a simple, yet clever device, called a campbellstokes recorder, the design of which goes back to 1879. A comparison of longterm parallel measurements of sunshine. John francis campbell felt the need to record sun lightthe campbellstokes sunshine recorder. Chapter 7 measurement of sunshine duration and solar.
Campbellstokes recorder definition and meaning collins. The modern campbellstokes sunshine recorder is the. The campbellstokes sunshine recorder is a reference instrument to measure daily sunshine duration and is used worldwide since 1880 sanchezlorenzo et al. Routinely mounted on a plinth, the campbellstokes records the duration of bright sunshine in either hourly or daily totals. Paper presents comparative analysis of sunshine duration measurement results obtained using campbellstokes sunshine recorder cs and electronic sensor csd1. John francis campbell 18211885 a scottish author and scholar. The instrument specifics of the three sd recorderssensors used in this study are briefly described below. Stokess refinement was to make the housing out of metal and to have a card holder set behind the sphere.
History of the campbellstokes sunshine recorder was replaced by a solid sphere of glass figure 2b. It is designed to measure the duration of visible sunshine for one day and uses the intensity of the suns rays to burn a trace on to a recording card. Estimating solar radiation income from bright sunshine. See all formats and editions hide other formats and editions. Pdf a comparison of sunshine duration records from the campbell. Stokes s refinement was to make the housing out of metal and to have a card holder set behind the sphere. Blue hill observatorys sunshine recorder science friday. The campbell stokes sunshine recorder is manufactured to the british meteorological offices specification. Simulation of the campbellstokes sunshine recorder.
Photographs of right the campbellstokes sunshine recorder in use since 1993 and left burned trace cards. Simulation of the campbellstokes sunshine recorder youtube. In the lowlands haenni solar recorded a plus of 100 hours of sunshine per average year compared to campbellstokes but in the high mountain sites 70 hours less. In 1964 the campbell stokes sunshine recorder was adopted by the world meteorological organisation wmo as their interim reference sunshine recorder for use in all member. The top countries of suppliers are china, hong kong s. Beyond the basic duration report, more information is available from scorched cards of campbellstokes sunshine recorders, such as. The casella campbell stokes sunshine recorder is manufactured to a design based on british meteorological office bmo specifications.
The campbell stokes sunshine recorder is manufactured to a design based on british meteorological office bmo specifications. Using digital image processing to characterize the campbellstokes sunshine recorder and to derive hightemporal resolution direct solar irradiance article pdf available september 2014 with. A systematic, semiautomatic method for imaging the cards from the widely used campbellstokes sunshine recorder is described. Sunshine recorders an overview home of the weather. Decreasing trends in sunshine duration over china for 19541998. Stokes sunshine recorder new insights into the history of the campbell. The sphere is made from wellannealed optical glass and the hours of sunshine are recorded onto a card inserted into the base of the recorder. There are three types of measuring cards to correspond to the behaviour of the sun at different seasons. The campbellstokes recorder utilises heat from the suns rays, focused by a solid glass sphere to an intense spot, to char a trace on a sunshine card. Sunshine recorder 1603 and 1604 160x sunshine recorder operating instructions description the campbell stokes sunshine recorder is a selfrecording instrument for the continuance of sunshine. Prior to 1954, the jordan photographic sunshine recorder was used. Campellstokes sunshine recorder the sunshine recorder, campbellstokes pattern, serves for the selfacting recording of the duration of sunshine. The campbellstokes recorder sometimes called a stokes sphere is a type of sunshine recorder.
Campbell stokes recorder synonyms, campbell stokes recorder pronunciation, campbell stokes recorder translation, english dictionary definition of campbell stokes recorder. It does this by focusing the suns rays on a card on which it burns a trace when the solar radiation is sufficiently intense. Find the perfect campbell stokes sunshine recorder stock photo. Many authors have used the daily sd as obtained from the measurement of the length. The campbell stokes sunshine recorder consists essentially of a glass sphere mounted concentrically in a section of a spherical bowl, the diameter of which is such that the suns rays are focused sharply on the sunshine card held in grooves in the bowl, leaving burn patterns on the. In spain, the campbellstokes sensors are being replaced by kipp and zonen sensors. No drum is necessary as the recording medium itself is moving. A comparison of sunshine duration records from the. The campbellstokes sunshine recorder is a reference in strument to measure.
Sunshine is recorded with a simple, yet clever device, called a campbell stokes recorder, the design of which goes back to 1879. Abstract the purpose of this paper is to compare daily sunshine duration data measured using a campbellstokes sunshine recorder cs and. Calibrated digital images of campbellstokes recorder card. It was invented by john francis campbell in 1853 and modified in 1879 by sir george gabriel stokes. Stokes records of sunshine hours has not been exploited. This is to enable the card to be pierced and positively located in place, as in some regions birds peck at the cards and. Using digital image processing to characterize the. We show how the application of inexpensive commercial equipment and practices can simply and robustly build an archive of highquality card images and manipulate them into a form suitable for easy further analysis. Campbell stokes sunshine recorder sunshine impact civil. The campbell stokes sunshinerecorder is manufactured to the specifications of the britishmeteorological office the instrument is used to measure the duration of sunshine each day.
The results provide information about the weather and climate as well as the temperature of a geographical area. Campbell stokes sunshine recorder with the actual direct solar irradiance. A comparison of sunshine duration records from the campbell. Not sure where, maybe a little south of san antonio, tx. The campbell stokes sunshine recorder she looks good in the. The campbell stokes sunshine recorder is a reference instrument to measure daily sunshine duration and is used worldwide since 1880 sanchezlorenzo et al.
The campbellstokes sunshine recorder is a reference instrument to measure daily sunshine duration and is used worldwide since 1880. In the upper part of the video you can see the tonatiuh. The instrument essentially consists of a glass sphere acting as burning lens as well as of a metal bowl arranged in focal length concentrically to the sphere. The improvement of stoke on the instrument designed by campbell resulted in the name campbellstokes sunshine. The south poles campbellstokes sunshine recorder jeffrey. The campbellstokes sunshine recorder cssr has been one of the most commonly used instruments for measuring sunshine duration sd through the burn length of a given cssr card. Possible directions for future research are also suggested. Pdf calibrated digital images of campbellstokes recorder card. Kerr and tabony, 2004, the meteorological stations equipped. This regression equation is useful for estimating bright sunshine for locations where cloud cover records exist in the absence of sunshine records and can thus be employed to. It actually measures the direct light from the sun. Campbell designed his first sunshine recorder, he could hardly have thought that 160 years later the instrument would still be in use, having become the most commonly.
The effect of heat of the sun is used as recording medium. The purpose of this paper is to compare daily sunshine duration data measured using a campbellstokes sunshine recorder cs and a csd3 sunshine duration sensor auto as well as to attempt to explain discrepancies between the two data sets. The comparison is based on data from 2009 to 2010 collected at seven weather stations leszno, wroclawstrachowice, legnica, opole, zielona gora, jelenia gora, klodzko operated by the institute of meteorology and water management. Lambrecht 1604 campbell stokes sunshine recorder metcheck. Campbell stokes pattern sunshine recorder the campbell stokes sunshine recorder is used to measure the duration of bright sunshine. It consists of a sphere with about 10 cm 4 inches in diameter which concentrates the rays of light from the sun, burning a material that is sensitive to heat, previously assembled in a support. Sunshine recorders automatically registering time and duration of insolation are. Mar 01, 2011 sunshine is recorded with a simple, yet clever device, called a campbell stokes recorder, the design of which goes back to 1879. All the data come from the research station of the jagiellonian. The improvement of stoke on the instrument designed by campbell resulted in the name campbellstokes sunshine recorder.
Jun 30, 2015 the campbellstokes sunshine recorder at blue hill observatory, in milton, massachusetts. Missing daily sun duration data in the blue hill observatory campbellstokes record. Department of transport meteorological branch canada sunshine recorders manual 81, second edition, 1966. An extended threesite comparison between instromet.
288 1130 1136 579 724 172 581 296 1312 1305 635 943 1202 265 214 304 361 124 227 567 528 1475 228 1187 47 1347 503 1219 1257 1185 570 1354 1231 863 938